High speed photography
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Sequence of a race horse galloping. Photos taken by Eadweard Muybridge, first published in 1887.
High Speed Photography is the science of taking pictures of very fast phenomena. In 1948, the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) defined high-speed photography as any set of photographs captured by a camera capable of 128 frames per second or greater, and of at least three consecutive frames. High speed photography can be considered to be the opposite of time-lapse photography.
In common usage, high speed photography may refer to either or both of the following meanings. The first is that the photograph itself may be taken in a way as to appear to freeze the motion, especially to reduce motion blur. The second is that a series of photographs may be taken at a high sampling frequency or frame rate. The first requires a sensor with good sensitivity and either a very good shuttering system or a very fast strobe light. The second requires some means of capturing successive frames, either with a mechanical device or by moving data off electronic sensors very quickly.
Other considerations for high-speed photographers are record length, reciprocity breakdown, and spatial resolution.
Early applications and development
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Nuclear explosion photographed by Rapatronic camera less than 1 millisecond after detonation. The fireball is about 20 meters in diameter. The spikes at the bottom of the fireball are due to what is known as the rope trick effect.
The first practical application of high-speed photography was Eadweard Muybridge's 1878 investigation into whether horses' feet were actually all off the ground at once during a gallop.
Bell Telephone Laboratories was one of the first customers for a camera developed by Eastman Kodak in the early 1930s. Bell used the system, which ran 16mm film at 1000 frame/s and had a 100-foot (30m) load capacity, to study relay bounce. When Kodak declined to develop a higher-speed version, Bell Labs developed it themselves, calling it the Fastax. The Fastax was capable of 5,000 frame/s. Bell eventually sold the camera design to Western Electric, who in turn sold it to the Wollensak Optical Company. Wollensak further improved the design to achieve 10,000 frame/s. Redlake Laboratories introduced another 16mm rotating prism camera, the Hycam, in the early 1960s. Photo-Sonics developed several models of rotating prism camera capable of running 35mm and 70mm film in the 1960s. Visible Solutions introduced the Photec IV 16mm camera in the 1980s.
The D. B. Milliken company developed an intermittent, pin-registered, 16mm camera for speeds of 400 frame/s in 1957. Mitchell, Redlake Laboratories, and Photo-Sonics eventually followed in the 1960s with a variety of 16, 35, and 70mm intermittent cameras.
Stroboscopy and laser applications
Doc Edgerton is generally credited with pioneering the use of the stroboscope to freeze fast motion. He eventually helped found EG&G, which used some of Edgerton's methods to capture the physics of explosions required to detonate nuclear weapons. See, for example, the photograph of an explosion using a Rapatronic camera.
Advancing the idea of the stroboscope, researchers began using lasers to stop high speed motion.
High speed film cameras
A 5 milliseconds capture of coffee blown out of a straw
A droplet is caught with a strobe after rebounding upward
As film and mechanical transports improved, the high-speed film camera became available for scientific research. Kodak eventually shifted its film from acetate base to Estar (Kodak's name for a Mylar-equivalent plastic), which enhanced the strength and allowed it to be pulled faster. The Estar was also more stable than acetate allowing more accurate measurement, and it was not as prone to fire.
Each film type is available in many load sizes. These may be cut down and placed in magazines for easier loading. A 1,200-foot (370m) magazine is typically the longest available for the 35mm and 70mm cameras. A 400-foot (120m) magazine is typical for 16mm cameras, though 1,000-foot (300m) magazines are available. Typically rotary prism cameras use 100ft (30m) film loads. The images on 35mm high-speed film are typically rectangular with the long side between the sprocket holes instead of parallel to the edges as in...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about Eiffel Tower Vase, sofa cushion cover, . The TPS -MINI018 digital photo frame products should be show more here!
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